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John Fenno (Aug. 12, 1751 (O.S.) – Sept. 14, 1798), was a Federalist Party editor and major figure in the history of American newspapers. His ''Gazette of the United States'' played a major role in shaping the beginnings of party politics in the United States in the 1790s. ==Biography== Fenno was born in Boston, the son of Ephraim Fenno, leather-dresser and alehouse keeper, and Mary Chapman. He wed Mary Curtis, of Roxbury, Massachusetts, on May 8, 1777, and the couple had thirteen children. Fenno spent some early years as a teacher, and was secretary to General Artemas Ward during part of the American Revolution. Failure of an import business led to a move to New York City, which at that time was the nation's capital. Having previously written for the ''Massachusetts Centinel'', Fenno on April 11, 1789 in New York City published the first issue of the ''Gazette of the United States'' to support Federalist Party positions. Fenno moved it to Philadelphia when the national capital moved there in 1790. As opposing factions, centered on Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson, developed within President Washington's administration, political newspapers such as the ''Gazette'' became increasingly important. Fenno's little three-column folio, printed on a sheet seventeen by twenty-one inches, became the semi-official government newspaper, with a share of the government's printing and with contributions from prominent Federalists such as John Adams. Hamilton was especially active, writing articles under various pseudonyms and rescuing the editor from bankruptcy in 1793 by raising $2,000 to pay off creditors. Jefferson and his colleagues, angry at Fenno's attempt "to make way for a king, lords, and Commons" set up rival newspapers, the ''Aurora'' edited by Benjamin F. Bache and the ''National Gazette'' edited by Philip Freneau, to promote the newly formed Democratic-Republican Party. As a highly visible Federalist spokesman, Fenno was engaged in verbal disputes that once led to fisticuffs with Bache. The tone of the ''Gazette of the United States'' was somewhat above the average of its contemporaries, and the Federalists were well served through its columns, although the circulation never exceeded 1,400. Copies circulated to major cities where other Federalist newspapers freely copied the news and editorials. Fenno, along with his wife and a newborn daughter, died in Philadelphia during the yellow fever epidemic of 1798. His son, John Ward Fenno, carried on with the paper until 1800, when he sold it. John Fenno's daughter Harriet Fenno married John Rodman and they had a daughter. Harriet Rodman died in 1808. Another daughter, Maria Fenno (1781-1823), married on August 7, 1802, New York Attorney General Josiah Ogden Hoffman, and their son was Charles Fenno Hoffman (1806-1884). Another daughter, Mary Eliza Fenno, married Gulian C. Verplanck in 1811, and they had two sons. Mary Verplanck died in 1817 in Paris, and was buried at the Père Lachaise Cemetery. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「John Fenno」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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